Galapagos volcanoes

The Galapagos Islands are very young in geologic terms, Española the oldest of the islands was formed 3 to 5 million years ago from a volcanic hot spot located on the sea floor. The hot spot is an area where the magma is so hot it burns through the earth's crust and the magma below is allowed to reach the crusts surface forming a volcano. As the hot spot discharges materials it begins accumulating, spreading and rising. The discharged materials reach a level of 6,000 to 10,000 ft (2,000 to 3,000 m) from the ocean floor. As the Plate at the ocean floor moves at a rate of 3 inches per year (5 cm) the volcano breaks free of the stationary hot spot forming an independent island. As the hot spot continues to emit material a new island is born using this process. As new islands are formed and the plate continues to move a chain of islands is formed. The Galapagos hot spot is located to the east of Fernandina, the youngest of the islands at approximately 1 million years of age. A study of geology in action, the Galapagos Islands is one of the world’s most active volcanic areas, with more than 50 eruptions in the past 200 years. Six of the volcanoes are still active (1 on Fernandina and 5 on Isabela). The most recent explosion was Cerro Azul on Isabela in September of 1998.

Shield Volcanoes

The type of volcanic make up characterizes the island's look. Most of the Galapagos Islands were made from a single volcanic cone creating a high point of the island with gentle slopes and a flat coastline. Española (the oldest of the chain) and Fernandina (the youngest in the chain) with their single volcanic cone are typical of most of the islands known as a shield volcano. Shield volcanoes are formed from a build of fluid lava flows. As the flow emits from the central vent it pours out in all directions creating a broad, gently sloping cone of flat, domical shape. The profile is said to resemble a warrior's shield giving these volcanoes their name. The volcanoes build up slowly the result of thousands of fluid basalt lava flows.

The lava cools into thin layers, which continues to accumulate for years, eventually giving the volcano its height. Shield volcanoes make up some of the largest volcanoes in the world including Mauna Loa in Hawaii, which rises 28,000 feet above the ocean floor. Isabela the largest island of the Galapagos Archipelago was created from the fusion of 6 shield volcanoes.

Volacanic Plateaus

Volcanic Plateaus formed South Plaza, Baltra, and Seymour Islands. Plateaus create when the eruption of basalt lava poured quickly from fissures rather than central vents. The lava surrounds the area and with lava flow upon lava flow, forming broad plateaus. Lava plateaus of this type are located along the Snake River in Idaho, and the Columbia River in Washington and Oregon. Those lava flows are exposed and measure more than a mile in total thickness

Lava Flows and Fields

Lava flows are streams of molten rock that pour onto the Earth's surface from an erupting vent. Both moving lava and the resulting solidified deposit are referred to as lava flows. Lava flows come in a variety of shapes and sizes. They are impacted by the wide range in speeds of the different lava types (basalt, andesite, dacite, and rhyolite), the lava discharge during eruptions, and the characteristics of the erupting vent and topography over which lava travels. Fluid basalt flows like those in the Galapagos can extend tens of kilometers from an erupting vent. The leading edges of basalt flows can be as fast as 6 miles (10 km) per hour on steep slopes but they typically travel less than 1/2 mile (1 km) per hour on gentle slopes. When basalt lava flows are confined within a channel or lava tube on a steep slope, the main body of the flow reaches speeds more than 18 miles (30 km) per hour.

Lava, the material expelled from the volcanoes is present in the Galapagos and takes a variety of forms. On Santiago it is possible to see 2 distinct types of lava patterns. Pahoehoe is a Hawaiian name for basaltic lava that has a smooth, hummocky, or ropy surface. A pahoehoe flow typically advances as a series of small lobes and toes that continually break out from a cooled crust. The surface texture of pahoehoe flows varies widely, displaying all kinds of bizarre shapes often referred to as lava sculpture. `A`a (pronounced "ah-ah") is a Hawaiian name for lava flows that have a rough rubble-like surface composed of broken lava blocks called clinkers. The incredibly spiny surface of a solidified `a`a flow makes walking very difficult and slow. The clinkery surface actually covers a massive dense core, which is the most active part of the flow. As pasty lava in the core travels down slope, the clinkers are carried along at the surface. At the leading edge of an `a`a flow, however, these cooled fragments tumble down the steep front and are buried by the advancing flow. This produces a layer of lava fragments both at the bottom and top of an `a`a flow.

Tuff Cones

Pinnacle Rock on Bartolome has become one of the most photographed sights in the islands. The Tuff Cone is a vertical rock formation created by the consolidation of hardened ash. During the eruption hot lava reached the sea causing an explosion. Particles splattered down in the shape of cone often known as a Tuff Cone or Cinder Cone.

Lava Tubes

Exploring the Lava Tubes in the highlands of Santa Cruz makes an interesting and eerie adventure. These giant wormholes are caused when the exterior portion of a pahoehoe lava flow hardens while the interior lava continues to flow. Eventually the lava flow diminishes and there is not enoughfumaroles courtesy of the USGS lava left to fill the hollow tube.

Calderas & Fumaroles

A caldera is a large, usually circular depression at the summit of a volcano formed when magma is withdrawn or erupted from a shallow underground magma reservoir. The removal of large volumes of magma may result in loss of structural support for the overlying rock, thereby leading to collapse of the ground and formation of a large depression. Calderas are different from craters, which are smaller, circular depressions created primarily by explosive excavation of rock during eruptions

Of the many specific geologic features of interest in the Galapagos, Isabela is the only island in the chain created by the merging of 6 volcanoes. A 3 to 4 hour hike up the island takes visitors to one of the largest calderas in the world at 6 x 5 miles (10 x 8 km) on Sierra Negra and to see the Fumaroles or “steam valves” being released from the active crater.

ALCEDO VOLCANO

Volcan Alcedo is located in the center of Isabela, (also known as Albermarle Island) located between Volcan Darwin to the north and Sierra Negra to the south. The composition of its lavas differs from that of both its neighbors, indicating it has an independent magma plumbing system. It quite symmetrical and rises to an elevation of 1100 m (3650 feet). Relative to its size and height, Alcedo's caldera is large (7 to 8 km in diameter) and shallow (270 m deep).

DARWIN VOLCANO

Volcan Darwin is the second volcano south on Isabela, located between Volcan Wolf to the north and Volcan Alcedo to the south. It is nearly perfectly symmetrical and rises to an elevation of 1325 m (4350 feet) and is the fifth highest volcano in the Galapagos. Like the other western volcanoes, it has a large central caldera, nearly 5 kilometers (3 miles) in diameter and 200 m deep (700 feet). A number of young lava flows may been seen within the caldera, as well as on the flanks of the volcano.

CERRO AZUL VOLCANO

Cerro Azul is a shield volcano located on Isla Isabela in the Galapagos Islands of Ecuador. It has erupted eight times in recorded history. Isabela Island is the largest in the Galapagos, and is the home to about 1,000 people. The nearest village to the volcano is about 30 miles (50 km) away. There has been a 20 year period of inactivity at Cerro Azul leading up to this current activity.

FERNANDINA VOLCANO

Fernandina makes an interesting comparison to Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, because of the large, deep caldera, the very steep slopes that are found on the flanks, and the lack of rift zones. As part of our effort to learn more about the evolution of basaltic shield volcanoes, we have been studying Fernandina with field and remote sensing data to identify these differences.